The Cycle of Violence, also called the Cycle of Abuse, is an foundational concept in forensic psychology. It helps us understand the repeated patterns of abuse seen in domestic violence and intimate partner violence (IPV). This idea was first introduced by Dr. Lenore E. Walker in her book The Battered Woman Syndrome (1979). She originally proposed a three-stage cycle of violence in abusive relationships, particularly involving intimate partner violence (IPV).


1. Tension-Building Phase

In this stage, small arguments, verbal insults, or minor physical and emotional abuse begin. The abuser may become easily irritated, jealous, or controlling.  The victim usually tries to calm the abuser, avoid conflict, or “keep the peace.” For example: many victims of IPV report walking on “eggshells,” constantly trying to prevent anger from exploding. Despite their efforts, tension continues to rise.

 

2. Acute Battering Incident Phase

The stage is marked by a severe outburst of physical violence. It may involve physical attacks, threats, or destruction of property. At this point, the victim cannot stop the abuse no matter what they do. women often describe this stage as the moment of greatest fear, when they believe their lives are in danger. For example: police reports on domestic violence often show injuries, hospital visits, and emergency calls happening during this stage.

 

3. Honeymoon Phase (Loving or Contrition Phase)

After the violence, the abuser often feels guilty or afraid of losing the victim. They may apologize, show affection, give gifts, or promise to change. Sometimes, they blame the victim. Many victims stay in abusive relationships because of this phase, believing the abuser’s promises.

Walker said that a woman is considered to have Battered Woman Syndrome if she has gone through the full cycle of violence at least two times. She also explained that, as time passes, the honeymoon phase may disappear, leaving the relationship filled mostly with tension and abuse. This makes the risk of serious injury or even death much higher.